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Last Updated on 24 Mar 2017

Author: Benedikt Eckhardt

CAPInv. 1772: U-NEA-016

I. LOCATION

i. Geographical area The Near East and Beyond
ii. Region Phoenicia
iii. Site Umm el-Ammed (territory of Tyre)

II. NAME

i. Association with unknown name U-NEA-016

III. DATE

i. Date(s) 222 BC

V. SOURCES

i. Source(s) KAI I 19 (222 BC)
Note See also Milik 1972: 423-427.
i.a. Source type(s) Epigraphic source(s)
i.b. Document(s) typology & language/script Building inscription, in Aramaic
ii. Source(s) provenance Umm el-Ammed

VI. BUILT AND VISUAL SPACE

ii. References to buildings/objects ‛rpt kbrt mz’ šmš wzply, "le portique du côté de Levant et du Nord" (Milik 1972 : 424); the designation refers to a sanctuary at Umm el-Ammed.

X. ACTIVITIES

iii. Worship The "god-angel Milk'ashtart" and "his servants" have constructed the temple of Astarte; the angel is also said to have constructed all the other sanctuaries of the country (cf. Milik 1972: 427)
Deities worshipped Astarte and Milk'astart

XII. NOTES

iii. Bibliography Bowersock, G. W. (2013), 'Les anges païens de l'antiquité tardive', Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz 24, 91-104.
Milik, J. T. (1972), Dédicaces faites par des dieux (Palmyre, Hatra, Tyr) et des thiases sémitiques à l'époque romaine, Paris.

XIII. EVALUATION

i. Private association Possible
Note The “servants of the god” are either an association or the whole village community, depending on the translation of b‛l ḥmn (l. 3): Are the servants identical with the citizens of Hammon (as in the translation of Milik 1972: 424), or are they merely among the citizens (as implied by Bowersock 2013: 95)? The latter option cannot be excluded, although one would perhaps expect bb‛l.